1,224 results on '"Edible Grain analysis"'
Search Results
2. Determination of imazamethabenz in cereal grain by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
- Author
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Newsome WH and Collins PG
- Subjects
- Animals, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Hordeum analysis, Hydrolysis, Rabbits immunology, Triticum analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Herbicides analysis
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. GroEL-related molecular chaperones are present in the cytosol of oat cells.
- Author
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Grimm R, Speth V, Gatenby AA, and Schäfer E
- Subjects
- Bacterial Proteins, Blotting, Western, Chaperonin 60, Chaperonins, Cytosol ultrastructure, Edible Grain ultrastructure, Heat-Shock Proteins, Microscopy, Electron, Temperature, Cytosol chemistry, Edible Grain analysis, Plant Proteins analysis, Proteins analysis
- Abstract
In eukaryotic cells GroEL-related molecular chaperones (cpn 60) are considered to be restricted to plastids and mitochondria. Re-evaluation of the intracellular localization of chaperonins by electron microscopy, using two different anti-chaperonin antisera, revealed additionally their presence in the cytosol of oat primary leaf and coleoptile cells. The distribution of cpn 60 is not influenced by heat or light treatments.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Characterization of glucosylceramide from plasma membranes of plant root cells.
- Author
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Norberg P, Månsson JE, and Liljenberg C
- Subjects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Edible Grain analysis, Fatty Acids analysis, Glucose analysis, Membrane Lipids chemistry, Microsomes chemistry, Sphingosine analysis, Cell Membrane chemistry, Glucosylceramides chemistry, Plants analysis
- Abstract
Plasma membranes of oat root cells were isolated from intracellular membranes by subfractionation of the microsomal fraction using an aqueous polymer two-phase system. The plasma membranes originated from oat plants which were acclimated to dehydration by exposure to a repeated water-deficit stress program. Glucosylceramides was a major component of the plasma membrane lipids and amounted to 9% of the lipid of control plants and 5% of the lipid of acclimated plants. Structural analysis using FAB-MS showed only one type of glucosylceramides. The constituent monosaccharide was exclusively glucose and the sphingosine base was 4,8-sphingadienine. The fatty acid composition was determined to 24:1-OH, with only trace levels of non-hydroxy acids. The decrease in the level of glucosylceramides during acclimation to dehydration was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in phospholipids and increase in free sterols.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Utilisation of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) for egg production.
- Author
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Kumar AM, Reddy VR, Reddy PV, and Reddy PS
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight, Calcium analysis, Chickens growth & development, Eating, Female, Phosphorus analysis, Proteins analysis, Zea mays analysis, Animal Feed analysis, Chickens physiology, Edible Grain analysis, Eggs standards, Oviposition
- Abstract
1. The performance of White Leghorn laying hens on diets providing pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) at 300 and 600 g/kg to replace maize, part per part, or "maize mix" isoenergetically and isonitrogenously in the first experiment and at 600 g/kg diet to replace maize in toto, part per part, in the second experiment were examined. In the first experiment, 3 groups of 12 laying hens were placed on each of the 5 dietary treatments for 3 x 28 d, whereas in the second experiment, each of the two diets was offered to 10 groups of 15 laying hens for 6 x 28 d. 2. Inclusion of pearl millet in the diet at the expense of maize, part per part, did not significantly influence hen-day egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight in either experiment. Incorporation of pearl millet isoenergetically at the expense of "maize mix" at any level, i.e. 300 g or 600 g/kg (Experiment 1), also did not influence hen-day egg production but at the end of periods 2 and 3 did result in decreased feed intakes with consequent improvements in feed efficiency. 3. Egg weight in general showed a tendency to improve with diets providing pearl millet at 600 g/kg. 4. Profits from egg sales over feed cost were directly proportional to the inclusion of pearl millet in the diet either at the expense of maize, part per part, or "maize mix" isoenergetically.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of paraquat in water, grain and plant materials.
- Author
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Shivhare P and Gupta VK
- Subjects
- Ascorbic Acid, Poaceae analysis, Solanum tuberosum analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Paraquat analysis, Plants analysis, Spectrophotometry methods, Water analysis
- Abstract
A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of paraquat using ascorbic acid (an easily available reducing agent) is described. Paraquat is reduced with ascorbic acid in alkaline solution to give a blue radical ion with an absorbance maximum at 600 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 12-96 micrograms of paraquat in 10 ml of the final solution (1.2-9.6 ppm). The important analytical parameters and the optimum reaction conditions were evaluated. The method was applied successfully to the determination of paraquat in water, grain and plant materials.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Contents of Fusarium toxins in Finnish and imported grains and feeds.
- Author
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Hietaniemi V and Kumpulainen J
- Subjects
- Animal Feed toxicity, Animals, Chromatography, Gas, Edible Grain toxicity, Finland, Fusarium growth & development, Predictive Value of Tests, Rain, Reproducibility of Results, Swine, Temperature, Trichothecenes biosynthesis, Trichothecenes toxicity, Animal Feed analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Microbiology, Fusarium metabolism, Trichothecenes analysis
- Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of trichothecenes in representative samples of Finnish and imported cereals and feeds from the 1987 and 1988 crops. Trichothecene concentrations were determined in samples as trimethylsilylether derivatives by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) which proved to be a reliable and sufficiently sensitive technique. Representative samples of Finnish and imported oats, wheat, barley, rye, maize gluten, soy granules, rapeseed, turnip rapeseed, fish meal, poultry feed and pig feed were analysed employing 19-nortestosterone as an internal standard. Almost all grain and feed samples contained deoxynivalenol (DON) from 7 to 300 micrograms/kg and smaller amounts (13-120 micrograms/kg) of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON). The most toxic trichothecenes, T-2, HT-2 toxins and nivalenol (NIV) and also zeralenone (ZEN) were found at low concentrations in some samples. Six lots of oats containing 1.3-2.6 mg/kg of DON and 0.2-0.6 mg/kg of 3-AcDON were found in the Finnish grain samples. Silo samples of almost all imported grains contained DON but at levels below 50 micrograms/kg. Imported grains contained no other trichothecenes. DON, 3-AcDON and ZEN were found in imported feedstuffs at low concentrations.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Immunochemical assessment of mycotoxins in 1989 grain foods: evidence for deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) contamination.
- Author
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Abouzied MM, Azcona JI, Braselton WE, and Pestka JJ
- Subjects
- Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxins analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Zearalenone analysis, Food Contamination analysis, Trichothecenes analysis
- Abstract
To assess the potential for mycotoxin contamination of the human food supply following the 1988 U.S. drought, 92 grain food samples were purchased from retail outlets in the summer of 1989 and surveyed for aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol (DON [vomitoxin]) by monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only one sample (buckwheat flour) was found to contain aflatoxin B1 (12 ng/g), whereas zearalenone was found in 26% of the samples at a mean concentration of 19 ng/g. In contrast, the DON ELISA was positive in 50% of the samples at a detection level of 1.0 micrograms/g. Between 63 and 88% of corn cereals, wheat flour/muffin mixes, rice cereals, and corn meal/muffin mixes yielded positive results for DON, whereas 25 to 50% of oat cereals, wheat- and oat-based cookies/crackers, corn chips, popcorn, and mixed-grain cereals were positive for DON. The mean DON content of the positive samples was 4.0 micrograms/g, and the minimum and maximum levels were 1.2 and 19 micrograms/g, respectively. When positive ELISA samples were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, a strong correlation between the two methods was found. The presence of DON in the two highest samples, corn meal and mixed-grain cereal, which contained 19 and 16 micrograms/g, respectively, was quantitatively confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that DON was present in 1989 retail food products at concentrations that exceeded those found in previous market surveys and that have been experimentally associated with impaired animal health.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Estimating human exposure through multiple pathways from air, water, and soil.
- Author
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McKone TE and Daniels JI
- Subjects
- Administration, Inhalation, Air Pollutants toxicity, Animals, Body Weight, Cattle, Diet, Edible Grain analysis, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Fishes, Food Analysis, Fruit analysis, Humans, Meat analysis, Milk chemistry, Models, Biological, Skin Absorption, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Vegetables analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Water Supply analysis, Environmental Pollutants toxicity
- Abstract
This paper describes a set of multipathway, multimedia models for estimating potential human exposure to environmental contaminants. The models link concentrations of an environmental contaminant in air, water, and soil to human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal-contact routes. The relationship between concentration of a contaminant in an environmental medium and human exposure is determined with pathway exposure factors (PEFs). A PEF is an algebraic expression that incorporates information on human physiology and lifestyle together with models of environmental partitioning and translates a concentration (i.e., mg/m3 in air, mg/liter in water, or mg/kg in soil) into a lifetime-equivalent chronic daily intake (CDI) in mg/kg-day. Human, animal, and environmental data used in calculating PEFs are presented and discussed. Generalized PEFs are derived for air----inhalation, air----ingestion, water----inhalation, water----ingestion, water----dermal uptake, soil----inhalation, soil----ingestion, and soil----dermal uptake pathways. To illustrate the application of the PEF expressions, we apply them to soil-based contamination of multiple environmental media by arsenic, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and trinitrotoluene (TNT).
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Analysis of triallate residues in cereals and soil by gas chromatography with ion-trap detection.
- Author
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Sanchez-Brunete C, Salto T, Garcia-Baudin JM, and Tadeo JL
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Gas, Hordeum analysis, Reference Standards, Edible Grain analysis, Pesticide Residues analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis, Triallate analysis
- Abstract
Triallate residues in barley seedlings and soil samples were determined by gas chromatography with ion-trap detection. Soil was extracted with methanol on a mechanical shaker, and plants were extracted with acetonitrile in a Sorvall homogenizer. After evaporation of the organic solvents, the residue was dissolved in hexane, and plants extracts were cleaned-up on an alumina column. Gas chromatographic analysis was carried out using a BP-1 fused-silica capillary column with helium as carrier gas. To quantitate residues the total-ion chromatogram was obtained and then the selected-ion monitoring chromatograms were displayed at m/z 86 for triallate and at m/z 154 for the internal standard, methyl-(4-amino-2-chloro)-benzoate. The average recovery through the method from barley and soil samples was always higher than 80%. The limit of detection in the selected-ion mode was 0.01 mg/kg. Barley and soil samples treated with triallate were also analysed. A good agreement was observed between results obtained by this method and by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The assessment of radiocaesium intake from food using duplicate diet and whole-body monitoring techniques.
- Author
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Walker MI, Walters B, and Mondon KJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Edible Grain analysis, Fruit analysis, Humans, Meat analysis, Milk chemistry, Potassium Radioisotopes analysis, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vegetables analysis, Accidents, Cesium Radioisotopes analysis, Food Contamination, Radioactive analysis, Nuclear Reactors
- Abstract
A duplicate diet study has been carried out on a group of Harwell employees in order to investigate the food types in which radiocaesium from Chernobyl was most likely to be found, and also the intake of radiocaesium in food with relation to observed whole-body levels. The duplicate diet study indicated that the highest levels of radiocaesium were in milk and meat or fruit and vegetables. Radiocaesium concentrations in food of all types are small compared to the most restrictive generalized derived limit. Daily intakes of radiocaesium measured by the diet study, of the order of 2-3 Bq day-1, generally agreed with values calculated from whole-body measurements. Committed does from radiocaesium have been estimated from dietary intakes to be in the range 3-29 muSv year-1, while whole-body measurements indicate a range of 6-18 muSv year-1; these doses are small compared to other sources of internal irradiation and to recommended limits.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. [Assay of moniliformin content in household grains from families in patients with Keshan disease].
- Author
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Ji Z
- Subjects
- Humans, Cardiomyopathies chemically induced, Cyclobutanes analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Mycotoxins analysis, Selenium deficiency
- Abstract
Ion-pairing extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed for assaying moniliformin (a fungal toxin) content in the corn (Shaanxi) and rice (Yunnan) samples collected from families suffering from Ke-shan disease. The highest contents were found to be 264 micrograms/kg (corn) and 252 micrograms/kg (rice), while a rice sample from Beijing market showed none. The identity of moniliformin was confirmed by 2D-UV detection and co-HPLC with a synthetic toxin sample. These results strongly support the view that moniliformin is a pathogenic factor of Ke-shan disease.
- Published
- 1991
13. Determination of phytic acid in cereals using ICP-AES to determine phosphorus.
- Author
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Plaami S and Kumpulainen J
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Flour analysis, Indicators and Reagents, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Edible Grain analysis, Phosphorus analysis, Phytic Acid analysis
- Abstract
A novel approach for determination of phytic acid in cereals has been applied in 2 traditional methods. In the first, phytic acid in a sample extract is first separated and concentrated by ion-exchange chromatography. The phytic acid concentrate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In the second method, extracted phytic acid is first precipitated by FeCl3 solution. The complexed iron is converted to ferric hydroxide by adding NaOH, thus releasing phytic acid as soluble sodium phytate. Phytate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by ICP-AES. In these methods, both the difficult acid digestion and the spectrometric determination of phosphorus found in traditional methods are eliminated by using ICP-AES. This results in a method that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than earlier procedures.
- Published
- 1991
14. Improved enzymatic method to measure processing effects and starch availability in sorghum grain.
- Author
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Xiong Y, Bartle SJ, and Preston RL
- Subjects
- Animals, Glucose metabolism, Quality Control, Animal Feed analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Handling standards, Starch analysis
- Abstract
A modified enzymatic method to measure processing effects and starch availability in steam-flaked sorghum grain (SFSG) was developed. To establish the method, experiments were conducted to determine the required enzyme concentration, color reagents, precipitants, sample particle size, shaking frequency and buffer pH. Glucose release at different incubation times (0 to 48 h) from uncooked (UNC) or fully cooked (CK, 100% gelatinized) ground sorghum grain, a 50:50 mixture of UNC and CK (C50) and SFSG was determined. Glucose release from UNC, CK and SFSG was expressed as one-component equations with rate constant k and r2 of .119 and .98, 1.781 and .98, and .368 and .99, respectively; C50 was characterized by having two starch components, one with a fast rate constant, 2.624/h, and one with a slow rate constant, .066/h (R2 = .99). Different degrees of gelatinization were obtained by mixing different proportions of CK and UNC. Glucose release from these samples was highly correlated with starch gelatinization (r2 = .99). By adjusting the tension between mill rollers, five SFSG samples with bulk densities ranging from 476 to 283 g/liter (37 to 22 lb/bu) were produced; respective roller mill electrical load ranged from 21 to 51.5 amps. Enzymatic determination of glucose release resulted in values of 422, 512, 588, 618 and 678 mg/g, which were more closely related to bulk density than birefringence measurements. The modified method for starch availability determination was found to be relatively simple, fast and sensitive, and is recommended.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Sugar in breakfast cereals.
- Subjects
- Humans, Sucrose analysis, Dietary Carbohydrates analysis, Edible Grain analysis
- Published
- 1990
16. Determination of trace amount of cobalt in feed grains and forages by solvent extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
- Author
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Blanchflower WJ, Cannavan A, and Kennedy DG
- Subjects
- Solvents, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Animal Feed analysis, Cobalt analysis, Edible Grain analysis
- Abstract
A method is described for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt in feed grains and forages with a detection limit of 1 ng g-1. Samples are ashed in a muffle furnace and complexed with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol. Following solvent extraction, cobalt is determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The assay can be carried out in a normal analytical laboratory without the need for special "clean" rooms. Reagents have been selected to keep reagent blank values at low levels, and heptan-2-one is used as extracting solvent to avoid problems with evaporation. The assay has been used for diagnostic purposes and to formulate special low cobalt diets for sheep for experimental purposes.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Determination of multi-pesticide residues in cereals, cereal products and animal feed using gel-permeation chromatography.
- Author
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Chamberlain SJ
- Subjects
- Insecticides analysis, Juvenile Hormones pharmacology, Organophosphorus Compounds analysis, Pyrethrins analysis, Animal Feed analysis, Chromatography, Gel, Edible Grain analysis, Pesticide Residues analysis
- Abstract
Residues of organophosphorus, organochlorine and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides and insect growth regulators were determined in cereals and cereal products. Samples were extracted with acetone-methanol and the extracts cleaned-up by gel-permeation chromatography. The mean recoveries were: 99%, organophosphorus; 94%, organochlorine; 99%, synthetic pyrethroid; and 99%, insect growth regulators.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Survey of total and bioavailable chromium in grain and cereal products by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
- Author
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Plessi M and Monzani A
- Subjects
- Amino Acids analysis, Biological Availability, Fabaceae analysis, Nicotinic Acids analysis, Plants, Medicinal, Seeds analysis, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Chromium analysis, Edible Grain analysis
- Abstract
The chromium content of samples of cereals, legumes, oil seeds, and alimentary pastes (in the latter, bioavailable chromium as well) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The chromium content in whole cereals differs substantially and is mostly concentrated in pericarps. Variations occur not only among different types of cereals, but also among cereals of the same type, depending on the areas of origin. Concentration varies substantially even in samples of legumes and oil seeds. The content of bioavailable chromium (ethanol-extractable) is, in most cases, more than 50% of the total chromium amount. This makes these products particularly interesting as dietary supplements.
- Published
- 1990
19. The isolation and identification of steroidal sapogenins in Kleingrass.
- Author
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Patamalai B, Hejtmancik E, Bridges CH, Hill DW, and Camp BJ
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Thin Layer, Diosgenin, Hemolysis, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Edible Grain analysis, Panicum analysis, Sapogenins isolation & purification, Saponins isolation & purification
- Abstract
Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L) has been reported to cause hepatogenous photosensitization in sheep and goats in West Texas since 1973. The toxin in Kleingrass has been suspected of being a steroidal saponin as Kleingrass produced characteristic birefringent crystals similar to those produced by saponin-containing plants such as Agave lecheguilla and Tribulus terrestris. In this present study, steroidal saponis were isolated from Kleingrass and their sapogenins were identified as diosgenin and yamogenin by means of thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectrophotometric analysis.
- Published
- 1990
20. [Proton inducted X-ray emission analysis of food samples].
- Author
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Ma SX
- Subjects
- Fruit analysis, Humans, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Edible Grain analysis, Meat analysis, Trace Elements analysis, Vegetables analysis
- Abstract
PIXE (Proton inducted X-ray emission) analysis of food samples was carried out with 2 Mev protons. The measured seven trace elements for 62 food samples are listed in tables.
- Published
- 1990
21. Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.
- Author
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Kaphalia BS, Takroo R, Mehrotra S, Nigam U, and Seth TD
- Subjects
- Animals, Butter analysis, Cattle, Chromatography, Gas, Condiments analysis, DDT analogs & derivatives, DDT analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Fruit analysis, Hexachlorocyclohexane analysis, Milk chemistry, Oils analysis, Vegetables analysis, Food Analysis, Insecticides analysis, Pesticide Residues analysis
- Abstract
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.
- Published
- 1990
22. Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi on cereal grains in western Canada.
- Author
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Mills JT
- Subjects
- Canada, Edible Grain analysis, Food Microbiology, Fungi analysis, Mycotoxins analysis
- Abstract
Toxins occasionally present on cereal grains in the field in western Canada include ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea and trichothecenes produced by Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium sporotrichiodes and Fusarium graminearum. HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol are the main trichothecenes encountered. During storage of cereals, the predominant toxins and toxigenic fungi are ochratoxin A and citrinin produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, and P. verrucosum and sterigmatocystin produced by Aspergillus versicolor. The incidence of toxin-contaminated grains is extremely low relative to the volume of grains produced. Occurrence of toxins is influenced by field moisture, temperature, and bin storage conditions of a particular year. The risk of toxin production is highest in durum wheat and lowest in oats.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Sequence of amino acid limitation in triticale.
- Author
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Heger J
- Subjects
- Amino Acids metabolism, Animals, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Edible Grain metabolism, Male, Nitrogen analysis, Nitrogen metabolism, Nutritive Value, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Amino Acids analysis, Dietary Proteins analysis, Edible Grain analysis
- Abstract
Nitrogen balance experiments were conducted on growing rats to study the sequence of limitation of amino acids in triticale protein. All essential amino acids were added to a triticale-based diet to adjust their total dietary levels to 110% of the requirement. From this complete supplement, individual amino acids were successively removed and nitrogen balance (NB) and biological value of protein (BV) were measured. Based on the extent of response to removal of amino acids, the sequence of limitation was determined to be lysine, threonine, methionine and valine. The removal of histidine, isoleucine or tryptophan had no effect on NB or BV.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The use of trichothecene-contaminated grains in feeds.
- Author
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Smith TK
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Animal Feed analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Contamination, Sesquiterpenes poisoning, Trichothecenes poisoning
- Abstract
A review is presented describing the relative efficiencies of the various technologies that have been proposed to permit incorporation of mycotoxin-contaminated grains into animal diets without adversely influencing growth rate or resulting in hazardous residues in edible animal tissues. When the degree of contamination is modest, it may be possible to dilute the contaminated materials with uncontaminated grain to lower the concentration of trichothecenes below the threshold of significant biological activity. A less useful alternative to dilution is the other mechanical approach of milling to remove the most heavily contaminated fractions of the grain. Chemical destruction of triochothecenes is also a possibility. An example is the use of sodium bisulfite treatment to destroy deoxynivalenol in contaminated corn. Such treatments may, however, reduce palatability and nutritional value. When the biochemical mechanism of trichothecene toxicity is known, in vivo therapeutic treatments may be possible. It has been shown, for example, that T-2 toxin-induced changes in brain prostaglandin production can be overcome by treatment with dexamethasone resulting in increased survival. A similar effect was seen using the selective platelet activating factor antagonist BN 52021. Another approach is the use of dietary treatments to either promote in vivo detoxification of mycotoxins or to reduce absorption from the digestive tract with the aid of nonnutritive binding agents.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Multielement determination in rice, wheat, and barley by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
- Author
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al-Jobori SM, Shihab KM, Jalil M, Saad A, and Mohsin A
- Subjects
- Food Analysis standards, Food Analysis statistics & numerical data, Hordeum analysis, Neutron Activation Analysis standards, Neutron Activation Analysis statistics & numerical data, Oryza analysis, Reference Standards, Trace Elements standards, Triticum analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Analysis methods, Neutron Activation Analysis methods, Trace Elements analysis
- Abstract
INAA has been used for the determination of Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, and W in grains of rice, wheat, and barley, which were collected from different plant fields in Iraq. Samples and standards were irradiated in the IRT-5000 reactor, at neutron fluxes of 2 x 10(13) cm-2.s-1 and 3.2 x 10(11) cm-2.s-1. Interferences of photopeaks with each other were considered, and reaction interferences were calculated and determined experimentally. Accuracy of our method was assessed by the analysis of IAEA standards Wheat Flour and Bovine liver. A good agreement has been achieved between the present results and recommended values. The precision and detection limit were determined for all elements in all types of grain.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Analysis of uric acid in cereals and grain products by the method of liquid chromatography].
- Author
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Eller KI, Levin LG, Pimenova VV, and Muzychenko NI
- Subjects
- Animals, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Food Preservation standards, USSR, Uric Acid metabolism, Edible Grain analysis, Food Contamination analysis, Insecta metabolism, Uric Acid analysis
- Published
- 1990
27. [Analysis of trace elements in cataractous lenses and environmental samples in Tibet].
- Author
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Qu Z
- Subjects
- China, Edible Grain analysis, Humans, Meat analysis, Soil analysis, Water Supply analysis, Cataract metabolism, Lens, Crystalline analysis, Selenium analysis, Trace Elements analysis
- Abstract
Trace elements of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Se in Tibetan cataractous lenses and also in local samples of earth, drinking water, and staple foods were analyzed to estimate the possible relationship between environmental factors and primary cataract formation in Tibet. The Fe, Mg and Se contents in Tibetan cataracts were significantly lower in comparison with levels in those of Chengdu area, particularly the Se contents were low in both cataracts and local environment, suggesting a probable correlation between cataract formation and low Se contents in food and water.
- Published
- 1990
28. Structural features of a water-soluble L-arabino-D-xylan from rye bran.
- Author
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Ebringerová A, Hromádková Z, Petráková E, and Hricovíni M
- Subjects
- Carbohydrate Sequence, Chromatography, Gel, Hydrolysis, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Methylation, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Structure, Oxidation-Reduction, Periodic Acid, Solubility, Trifluoroacetic Acid, Water, Edible Grain analysis, Polysaccharides, Secale analysis, Xylans
- Abstract
A water-soluble L-arabino-D-xylan, obtained from the chlorite holocellulose of de-lipidated, de-starched, and de-pectinated rye bran by ammoniacal extraction, was composed of L-Ara and D-Xyl in the molar ratio 7.8:10 and had Mw 36,500 and Mn 26,950. The backbone of the polysaccharide was shown to comprise (1----4)-linked beta-D-Xylp residues, with approximately 41% unsubstituted, approximately 33% 2- or 3-substituted, and approximately 26% disubstituted. Single alpha-L-Araf groups were attached to the xylan core; only a small proportion was 2-, 3-, or 5-linked.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Sequence of amino acid limitation in triticale.
- Author
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Heger J
- Subjects
- Amino Acids isolation & purification, Amino Acids metabolism, Animals, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Edible Grain metabolism, Male, Nitrogen metabolism, Nutritional Requirements, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Amino Acids analysis, Dietary Proteins analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food, Formulated analysis
- Abstract
Nitrogen balance experiments were conducted on growing rats to study the sequence of limitation of amino acids in triticale protein. All essential amino acids were added to a triticale-based diet to adjust their total dietary levels to 110% of the requirement. From this complete supplement, individual amino acids were successively removed and nitrogen balance (NB) and biological value of protein (BV) were measured. Based on the extent of response to removal of amino acids, the sequence of limitation was estimated to be lysine, threonine, methionine and valine. The removal of histidine, isoleucine or tryptophan had no effect on NB or BV.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The nutritional value of oat flour for very young children.
- Author
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Graham GG, MacLean WC Jr, and Morales E
- Subjects
- Amino Acids, Essential blood, Carbohydrates analysis, Caseins analysis, Child, Preschool, Diet classification, Fats analysis, Feces analysis, Flour analysis, Humans, Infant, Intestinal Absorption, Male, Nitrogen analysis, Serum Albumin analysis, Time Factors, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Edible Grain analysis, Nutritive Value
- Abstract
Whole groat flour was consumed by nine infants and young children as 22.5, 45, or 67% of total diet energy (one half of 6.4%, all of 6.4%, or all of 9.6% protein energy). Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic casein control diets were given. Apparent absorption of oat nitrogen (N) was consistently around 75% of intake (casein, 87%), but absorptions of oat energy, carbohydrate, and fat, as percentages of intake, decreased disproportionately as oat flour intake was doubled and then tripled. Apparent retentions were 39 +/- 5% of mixed oat-casein protein intake in the 22.5% diet, the preceding and following casein controls being 38 +/- 8% (NS) and 44.4% (p less than 0.05) of the intakes; 32 +/- 6% from oats in the 45% diet, controls 38 +/- 5 and 46 +/- 5% (both p less than 0.05), and 33 +/- 11% from oats in the 67% diet, controls, 36 +/- 9% (NS). Fasting plasma free total essential amino acid (TEAA) levels of children consuming 45% oats were low (562 +/- 119 mumol of TEAA/L) and did not change significantly after meals. Fasting molar proportions of individual essentials (millimoles of EAA per mole of TEAA) were similar to those from milk protein diets and did not vary significantly 3 and 4 h after feeding, suggesting that no individual amino acid, but rather protein digestibility, was first limiting to N retention. Oats are a satisfactory source of energy, protein, and fat for very young children and many infants.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Sugar in breakfast cereals.
- Author
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Slater MA and Hunter J
- Subjects
- Australia, Humans, Dietary Carbohydrates analysis, Edible Grain analysis
- Published
- 1990
32. [Comparative study of analytical methods for determination of dietary fiber insoluble fraction, in starch rich foods].
- Author
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Mendez MH, Derivi SC, Rodrigues MC, and Da Silva MF
- Subjects
- Food Handling, Hot Temperature, Dietary Fiber analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Fabaceae analysis, Plants, Medicinal, Starch
- Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare two enzymatic methods for determination of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in starch-rich foods. The samples analyzed were foods from the legume group, cereals and derivatives, roots, tubers and similars. The results obtained by the Robertson and Van Soest method showed markedly higher values of the NDF fraction when compared with those found following the procedure of Mendez et al. The percentage differences in NDF values found between the two methods were not constant in the food samples analyzed. These differences were not related with the starch content present in the samples nor with the type of processing to which the foods were subjected. The Mendez et al. method is recommended for the samples tested.
- Published
- 1990
33. Radioimmunoassay of nivalenol in barley.
- Author
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Teshima R, Hirai K, Sato M, Ikebuchi H, Ichinoe M, and Terao T
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Gas, Food Microbiology, Fusarium isolation & purification, Hordeum microbiology, Mycotoxins analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Contamination analysis, Hordeum analysis, Radioimmunoassay methods, Sesquiterpenes analysis, Trichothecenes analysis
- Abstract
Antibodies against nivalenol (NIV) tetraacetate (Tetra-Ac-NIV) were prepared by immunizing rabbits with a hemisuccinate derivative of 8-hydroxy-3,4,7,15-tetraacetyl-12, 13-epoxytrichothece-9-en conjugated to bovine serum albumin. A radioimmunoassay system with one of these sera was developed to measure NIV contamination in barley. The detection limit for Tetra-Ac-NIV was about 0.5 ng/ml. The relative cross-reactivities of the antiserum with Tetra-Ac-NIV, acetyl T-2 toxin, and scirpenol triacetate, which were determined by the competitive radioimmunoassay, were 1, 0.78, and 0.56, respectively. Other derivatives showed no cross-reactivity. For the determination of NIV in a barley sample, NIV was extracted from the sample with acetonitrile-water (7:3), defatted with hexane, and then acetylated with acetic anhydride to form Tetra-Ac-NIV. The reaction mixture was loaded onto a C18 cartridge to remove excess reagents and impurities. Tetra-Ac-NIV was eluted from the cartridge with 50% methanol in water, and the eluate was subjected to radioimmunoassay. Analysis of six naturally contaminated barley samples for NIV revealed that radioimmunoassay results agreed well with gas chromatographic analyses.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. [The effect of trace-element fertilizers on the vitamin content in wheat grain grown in the forest-steppe area of Orenburg Province].
- Author
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Olifson LE, Kenina SM, Krivelevich OP, Kartashova VL, and Galkovich KG
- Subjects
- Edible Grain analysis, Nutritive Value, Russia, Edible Grain drug effects, Fertilizers, Trace Elements pharmacology, Vitamins analysis
- Published
- 1990
35. A survey of cereals, cereal products, feedstuffs and porcine kidneys for ochratoxin A by radioimmunoassay.
- Author
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Fukal L
- Subjects
- Animals, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Swine, Animal Feed analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Kidney analysis, Ochratoxins analysis, Radioimmunoassay
- Abstract
A commercial kit for the radioimmunochemical determination of ochratoxin A has been validated for application to various foods and feedstuffs. Using this kit a survey was carried out for the occurrence of ochratoxin A in Czechoslovak cereals, cereal products, feedstuffs and pig kidneys. The results show that the most contaminated are feedstuffs and cereals, in 26.7% and 8.8% of the samples of which, respectively, the ochratoxin A level exceeded 20 micrograms/kg. None of the cereal products and 4.2% of the pig kidneys unfit for human consumption by visual examination possessed ochratoxin A concentration higher than 5 micrograms/kg. Of all the samples analysed, 57% contained no detectable toxin (less than 1 microgram/kg).
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The taurine content of common foodstuffs.
- Author
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Laidlaw SA, Grosvenor M, and Kopple JD
- Subjects
- Adult, Dairy Products analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food, Formulated analysis, Fruit analysis, Humans, Infant Food analysis, Infant, Newborn, Meat analysis, Diet, Food Analysis, Taurine analysis
- Abstract
There is growing evidence that taurine is a biologically valuable nutrient. However, there are few published data concerning the taurine content of different foods. We measured the taurine content of 29 meats, including both cooked and uncooked samples, nine dairy products, 17 infant or adult-feeding solutions and 48 plant foods (including vegetables, nuts or seeds, fruits and legumes. Taurine was detected in meats, dairy products, and infant feeding solutions but not in plant products or adult feeding solutions. Using these data, we compared calculated and measured daily taurine intakes in six defined diets. We present sample daily diets for omnivores, lacto-ovovegetarians and vegans (strict vegetarians), together with calculated taurine intakes.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. [Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in cereals and legumes cultivated in Chile].
- Author
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Pak N, Ayala C, Vera G, Pennacchiotti I, and Araya H
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Chile, Humidity, Dietary Fiber analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Fabaceae analysis, Plants, Medicinal, Seeds analysis
- Abstract
Insoluble, soluble and total dietary fiber (DF) were determined in 35 varieties of certified whole seeds (without processing) of cereals (rice, oat, rye, and wheat) and legumes (pea, cowpea, beans, chikpea, lentil and lupine). The enzymatic method of Asp, Johansson and Siljestrom was used, with modifications in relation to time of incubation with alpha amylase, filtration system and volumes of the filtrates. Results were expressed as g/100 g dry weight. Total DF for cereals showed a range from 10.1 (wheat var. Chasqui) to 22.2 (rice var Quella). Rye, var. Tetra Baer and oats var. Pony Baer presented the highest soluble fiber content (3.3 and 3.9, respectively). In legumes, total DF fluctuated between 12.7 (pea, var. yellow) and 36.6 (lupine, var. Multolupa). Bean, var. Pinto INIA and lupine var. Multolupa presented the highest soluble fiber values (5.8 for both). Based on the results of this research work, it might be concluded that great variation exists in regard to the amount of total soluble and insoluble DF in cereals and legumes, a fact which impedes generalization as to its content in each food item.
- Published
- 1990
38. [A rapid and simple approach for radioimmunochemical determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals and feed using a commercial analysis kit].
- Author
-
Fukal L
- Subjects
- Aflatoxin B1, Radioimmunoassay instrumentation, Aflatoxins analysis, Animal Feed analysis, Carcinogens analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Radioimmunoassay methods
- Abstract
In order to facilitate a practical large-scale introduction of the radioimmunochemical control of aflatoxin B1 contamination in cereals and feeds a new method of the preparation of sample extracts was verified. In comparison with the procedure used until now when water-nonmiscible chloroform must be evaporated from a chloroform extract and the solids must be dissolved in acetone, while using the tested method the sample is extracted by methyl alcohol or acetone and the extract is diluted by a buffer before the radioimmunoanalysis. This new method of sample extract preparation displays aflatoxin B1 recovery comparable to that of the older method (83-90% for concentrations of 2-20 micrograms per kg), the worse theoretical detection limit (1 microgram per kg vs. 0.2 microgram per kg) but it prevents the result distortion by interfering substances and it makes the whole analytical procedure simpler and expeditious. Radioimmunochemically aflatoxin was quantified by means of commercially produced analytical kits developed in one institute at Kosice.
- Published
- 1990
39. Maltooligosaccharide composition of flours, weaning foods, and gruels prepared from germinated rice, corn, mungbean, and cowpea.
- Author
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Marero LM, Payumo EM, Aguinaldo AR, and Homma S
- Subjects
- Amylases metabolism, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Diet, Reducing, Edible Grain analysis, Plant Development, Plants enzymology, Seeds enzymology, Seeds growth & development, Solubility, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Flour analysis, Food, Formulated analysis, Oligosaccharides analysis
- Abstract
Germinated rice, corn, mungbean, cowpea, and weaning foods prepared from their selected combinations were studied for their saccharide profile by TLC, total and soluble sugars content, and amylase activities in the flour and gruel samples. The enzyme system present in the germinated materials resulted in the partial digestion of carbohydrates into maltooligosaccharides, as shown by TLC pattern and soluble sugars determination of all materials germinated for 48, 72, and 96 h. Rice had the highest concentration of amylase, followed by cowpea, corn, and mungbean. The amylolytic activity produced during germination was retained in the flour despite drying and roasting processes involved. The processes of germination and gruel preparation of germinated materials contributed to the digestibility of weaning foods prepared from cereals and legumes.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Simplified method for the determination of total dietary fiber and its soluble and insoluble fractions in foods.
- Author
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Li BW and Cardozo MS
- Subjects
- Edible Grain analysis, Food Analysis statistics & numerical data, Fruit analysis, Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase, Quality Control, Solubility, Vegetables analysis, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Delimitation problems in definition and analysis of dietary fiber.
- Author
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Asp NG
- Subjects
- Digestion, Edible Grain analysis, Humans, Starch analysis, Starch metabolism, Vegetables analysis, Carbohydrates analysis, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods
- Published
- 1990
42. The Uppsala method for rapid analysis of total dietary fiber.
- Author
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Theander O, Aman P, Westerlund E, and Graham H
- Subjects
- Acetates analysis, Chemical Precipitation, Cinnamates analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Ethanol, Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase, Hot Temperature, Hydrolysis, Polysaccharides analysis, Starch analysis, Uronic Acids analysis, Vegetables analysis, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Differentiation of dietary fiber sources by chemical characterization.
- Author
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McLaughlin MA and Gay ML
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Gel, Dietary Fiber chemistry, Edible Grain analysis, Endopeptidases, Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase, Mass Spectrometry, Methylation, Solubility, alpha-Amylases, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Evaluation of the selenium and chromium content of plant foods.
- Author
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Giri J, Usha K, and Sunitha T
- Subjects
- Chromium isolation & purification, Food Analysis, In Vitro Techniques, Selenium isolation & purification, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Chromium analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Fruit analysis, Plants, Edible analysis, Selenium analysis
- Abstract
In the present study the selenium and chromium content of different plant foods such as fruits, greens, flowers, vegetables, dried fruits, spices, condiments, cereals and pulses were analysed. The selenium values for cereals indehiscent vegetables, root vegetables, stem vegetables, pulses, fleshy vegetables, greens, fleshy fruits, condiment seeds, spices and dried fruits ranged between 24.2-32.16, 2.4-18.9, 2.8-21.5, 3.0-32, 48.7-92.5, 1.25-9.5, 3.0-8.2, 2.0-9.4, 6.2-66.2, 6.2-17.5 and 3.5-16.8 micrograms/100 g respectively. The chromium values for the same ranged between 48.2-52.6, 31.0-45, 21.2-25.7, 23.7-62.8, 15.0-43.5, 20.4-65, 14.2-42.1, 14.25-46.7, 58.4-150 and 96-168 micrograms/100 g respectively. Thus dried fruits have the highest chromium content and pulses the highest selenium content.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A in barley.
- Author
-
Ramakrishna N, Lacey J, Candlish AA, Smith JE, and Goodbrand IA
- Subjects
- Aflatoxin B1, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Aspergillus flavus metabolism, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Food Microbiology, Fusarium analysis, Hordeum microbiology, Penicillium analysis, Serum Albumin, Bovine analysis, Aflatoxins analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Food Contamination analysis, Hordeum analysis, Ochratoxins analysis, Sesquiterpenes analysis, T-2 Toxin analysis
- Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (B1), T-2 toxin (T2), and ochratoxin A (OA) were assayed in a single extract from barley grain by using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with monoclonal antibodies. B1 and T2 monoclonal antibodies were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase for direct competitive ELISA while an indirect competitive ELISA was used for OA determination. The competitive ELISA detected 0.1 ng/mL of B1, 10 ng/mL of T2, or 1 ng/mL of OA. Acetonitrile-0.5% KCl-6% H2SO4 (89 + 10 + 1) extracts of barley grain either were diluted 1:10 for direct assay or were subjected to a simple liquid-liquid cleanup procedure to concentrate the extract 10:1 before assay. For cleanup, water was added to the acetonitrile extract to partition water-soluble interfering substances, and then the mycotoxins were re-extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in Tris HCl buffer for ELISA. The mean recoveries from barley spiked with 4-60 ng/g of B1, 50-5000 ng/g of T2, and 5-500 ng/g of OA were, respectively, 93.8, 80.6, and 95.8%. The mean within-assay, inter-assay, and subsample coefficients of variation by ELISA of barley grain colonized with toxigenic fungi were less than 12% for B1 and OA but as high as 17% for T2.
- Published
- 1990
46. Chelating properties of dietary fiber and phytate. The role for mineral availability.
- Author
-
Frølich W
- Subjects
- 6-Phytase metabolism, Animals, Biological Availability, Dietary Fiber analysis, Edible Grain analysis, Humans, Minerals metabolism, Phytic Acid analysis, Chelating Agents, Dietary Fiber metabolism, Minerals pharmacokinetics, Phytic Acid metabolism
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Collaborative study of a method for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.
- Author
-
Prosky L
- Subjects
- Edible Grain analysis, Endopeptidases, Energy Intake, Fruit analysis, Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase, Humans, Solubility, Vegetables analysis, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods, Plants, Edible analysis
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Sr-90 transfer factors for rye in podzolic soils: dependence on soil parameters.
- Author
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Claus B, Grahmann B, Hormann V, Keuneke S, Leder M, Müller H, Peters E, Rieger EM, Schmitz-Feuerhake I, and Wagschal F
- Subjects
- Biological Transport, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Edible Grain analysis, Secale analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive analysis, Strontium Radioisotopes analysis
- Abstract
The transfer factor (TF) for Sr-90 was studied in 10 rye fields with podzolic soils near Bremen. Values between 0.10 and 0.30 were obtained with a mean of 0.18. The TF was correlated with various soil parameters (pH, organic matter, K, Ca and P content). Negative correlations were found between TF and pH-value, Ca and P content. However, the content of organic matter in the soils was positively correlated with soil and grain activity (Bq/kg).
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Analysis of foodstuffs for dietary fiber by the urea enzymatic dialysis method.
- Author
-
Jeraci JL, Lewis BA, Robertson JB, and Van Soest PJ
- Subjects
- Dialysis, Edible Grain analysis, Fruit analysis, Solubility, Starch analysis, Vegetables analysis, Amylases, Dietary Fiber analysis, Endopeptidases, Food Analysis methods, Urea
- Abstract
Total dietary fiber (TDF) values for cereal grains, fruits, vegetables, processed foods, and purified or semi-purified dietary fiber products were determined by a new method using 8M urea and enzymes (urea enzymatic dialysis, UED, method). The results are compared with the official AOAC procedure. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber were determined for several of these foodstuffs and compared with the NDF values. Crude protein and ash contamination was usually lower with the UED method compared with the AOAC method, particularly for samples that formed gels during ethanol precipitation. Urea and the heat stable amylase were effective in removing starch even at relatively low temperatures of the assay (50 degrees C). The new assay is relatively economical in use of equipment, enzymes, and reagents. Studies are currently in progress to minimize the assay time for the UED method while further improving its flexibility and robustness. The results of the studies will be discussed.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Modifications of the AOAC total dietary fiber method.
- Author
-
Lee SS and Hicks VA
- Subjects
- Buffers, Chemical Precipitation, Edible Grain analysis, Endopeptidases, Ethanol, Food Analysis standards, Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase, Vegetables analysis, alpha-Amylases, Dietary Fiber analysis, Food Analysis methods
- Abstract
1. The TDF values measured by the modification showed excellent agreement with those determined by the AOAC method. 2. The estimated assay variabilities of the modification were significantly less than those of the AOAC TDF method. 3. The TDF method can be simplified with the simultaneous incubation of a sample with alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase, followed by subsequent protease incubation without changing pH and temperature. The precision of this shortened method is comparable to that of the AOAC method.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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